Popcorn Paradoxes: Time in a Box

I’ve been dreading this. Possibly the most complex time-travel movie we have gone near. An independent science-fiction movie that managed to be filmed for an incredible $7000, most of which was spent on 16mm film stock. It is the story of two hardware engineers who accidently create a time-machine in their garage, and then literally jump right in.

Primer is one of those time-travel movies, it has a cult following, many of whom call it an intellectual masterpiece, but for some people is a mess of overly technical and mumbled dialogue, that is just pretentious and impenetrable.

Personally, I like it, but think that the density and intellectualism are a result of not having the budget to make the film bigger, or more easily explained. Every scene and line was written into the movie with a specific purpose, that tells us something about the story, there is nothing extraneous to the plot that could be cut away and still have everything make adequate sense, but that means there’s also no redundancy in the exposition, nothing is restated to explain it more simply for the guy who was eating popcorn during that line. There’s no CGI special effects to help explain what’s going on, and the acting is not necessarily the best, with more emphasis on trying to make the complex technical dialogue sound natural, than use emotional cues to help tell the story.

So Primer isn’t necessarily for everyone, even those who love it, mostly enjoy it because some parts are unknowable. They treat it like a puzzle, trying to work out what is going on is part of the fun. I mean, part of the story is intentionally inexplicable, but we’ll get back to that later. So before you carry on you might want to think if I might be about to ruin this for you. Why not go rent it and find out. If you love it and don’t want to come back, I won’t hold it against you.

Assuming any of you have come back, or more likely none of you left, then I’ll just go over the rules here again. We approach the movie as though it is the sole documentation of a real event, what is seen is true, no matter how much it may counter common sense, or our pet theories of time-travel. Of course, with this movie that starts with an awkward fact, all the events we see are being narrated by one of the time-travellers, and he may not be being entirely honest about what happened. However, since the traveller in question isn’t the final version of himself, but the one who left when a later version of himself turned up, and is trying to explain what happened to his original self (who spent a day drugged in his attic), before he has even been told about the time-machine, then we can mostly assume he is being as honest as possible, perhaps with one, or two omissions,  that we may speculate about later.

I’m not going to go scene by scene through the story with this one, if I can help it, but start with a little reminder of the plot.

The movie starts out explaining about four friends, Aaron, Abe, Philip and Robert, all technically minded people, who work for Cortex Semiconductors to pay the bills and in a garage on their weekends and evenings, in the hopes of hitting the big-time with some industry busting patents.

It seems like they’ve been stung before with other engineers at the company stealing their ideas. There’s a disagreement between the group as to what their next project should be, but they have, so far been taking it in turns to suggest a project. The latest idea isn’t actually directly revealed, but appears to be to work with superconductors to try and manipulate gravity. Two are for it, but the other two aren’t sold, they think the project should be to try and produce room temperature (or as close as possible) superconductors. It is decided that they will merge the two projects.

The idea is to use magnetism to alter the ceramic superconductor’s threshold temperature, effectively forcing the Meissner effect to occur at a much higher temperature than normal. This presupposes that the Meissner effect is not a result of superconductivity, but is the reason for it. Oddly enough, there is thought to be a connection between how the Meissner effect works and how the Higgs mechanism gives Bosons Mass, which also explains the idea that superconductivity may have some ability to effect mass.

So the two engineers, Abe and Aaron that are working on the ‘magnetic box’ build it and discover that it seems have some odd properties. While it does seem to allow the superconductors to function at higher temperatures, something else is going on with the field it creates. It appears to be somehow self-sustaining, at least, once they’ve worked out how to get the feedback to stabilise and not burn out the equipment. It even sustains itself for a while after there is no power being supplied at all while the feedback decays.

The field is a mystery that the two decide to investigate without Philip and Robert. They believe they have stumbled on something important, but have no real idea what, yet. They know that the box and superconductor can reduce mass, which would have immense value for shipping and perhaps other practical uses, but also know that the surest way of getting ripped off is to sell it before they understand exactly what it is they are selling.

So Abe is given the job of investigating the field, while they allow the project to effectively stall. Abe during this time starts dating Rachel, although he isn’t that into her, but her father is rich and the others, including Aaron, believe he could be a potential investor in the devices. It turns out that Thomas is interested and later does invest in the research.

These scenes at first seem to just be setting up the story of the time-machine discovery, but I believe important clues are laid here about the oddities that occur later in the story, and the hidden plot that took place in a earlier iteration of the time-line that is effectively hidden from the narrator. But we’ll pop around that way again later. At this point in the story no time-travel has, or can, occur (as long as we assume no one else has the time-travel technology we are seeing developed).

Which is, of course, what the field turns out to be. Abe explains it later to Aaron, how he came to realise that the Weeble they were using as a test subject had been subjected to 5 or 6 years of additional time. That the moulds or fungus Aspergillus Ticor were naturally present were getting extra time to grow and secrete proteins — ignoring how this fungus doesn’t actually exist (there is no Ticor stain of Aspergillus) or how it survived in the low pressure Argon atmosphere. We’ll have to assume that there are leaks, and that Aaron remembered the name incorrectly.

Anything inside the box when active becomes removed from normal space-time, and is able to exist instead in parabolic time-like curve that describes the entire hyper-volume of the active field. The hyper-volume being the volume of the box, extending through time from the moment the field stabilises at the beginning to the moment it finally fails at the end.

Anything placed in the box circles around in time. Because initially they placed objects at the beginning these objects experience at least three runs through the same time, one forward, one backwards (of the same duration) and a final one to the end and out again. Abe explains that the natural cycle continues multiple times, each time the chance that it will stop slowly increasing, so that naturally objects pass at least 1300 times through the same space-time path. It has to be an odd number because the object can only exit at the ‘future’ end with the natural passage of time.

Abe realised that an active agent could remove itself at the other end of the loop. If he built a big enough box he could turn the machine on, wait a suitable length of time, get into the box as it was powering down, and get swept back in time. Effectively reversing the flow of time, he could wait the exact length of time that the field had been active and exit just as the box was powering on in the morning.

Abe uses that day to make a stock trade to prove the concept can be used to create money, and also explains all of this to Aaron.

Although, here there is a question, which Aaron is hearing the explanation? Is his lack of reaction and his ability to grasp easily what is being shown to him a case of bad exposition and terrible acting, or is this an Aaron who has already heard these explanations and seen these things? Later, we see an Aaron who plays out these scenes again, and he clearly is not hearing all this for the first time, because he has recorded it, so this time we are probably seeing the recording taking place (which may even make it the third or fourth time this Aaron has heard this, depending on how many times he went around before he thought to record everything, but it’s at least the second).

The movie has a couple of other questions to throw at us, and we see hints of other elements that expand and explain the plot.

But first what do we know about the Box and how it works?

The Science of the Box

We do know a surprising amount about the time-machine:

1. The box uses magnetic fields to create an ‘information barrier’ between the inside of the box and the outside universe. They created the barrier to interfere with the Higgs field, reducing the effect of gravity (which was the first property they were investigating).
2. The barrier causes space-time to tangle and form a parabolic loop of space-time within the field. This parabolic ‘loop’ (which is actually in some hyper-dimensional manner a helix, since objects on that track loop around at least 1,300 times without interfering with themselves in the box) matches the parabolic loop of the feed, and may be connected to the vibration that the device induces (including the odd noise).This allows the traveller to exit the field before they entered. This is similar to the method of time travel potentially made possible by a Tipler Cylinder (https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder), although it involves no frame-dragging to accomplish it, there is twisting of normal spacetime into a Closed Time-like Curve that is navigated in a normal manner to allow one to exit apparently before one enters.
3. Entering or leaving the field causes a physical effect that Abe describes as a static shock, but Aaron (who should have known better already, perhaps) left early (late from Abe’s point of view) and describes it as “..not a static shock.” The effect is minimised by entering and exiting the machine at exactly the right moment. This is probably due to the intensity of the information barrier field, although it may be a result of exiting while travelling backwards in time. The parabolic time runs faster during the middle of the loop, and much slower at the ends, where the traveller would reverse their direction of travel.
4. Use of the time-machine seems to have a detrimental effect on the nervous system, specifically on their motor functions. Aaron describes knowing the shape he wants to make, but being unable to get his hands to do it. Abe says his right hand is the same as his left. Which implies that there is some loss of muscle memory. It is possible that some of this damage is to do with the lack of proper sleep that the two are experiencing. They use drug induced sleep several times, as they pass the day backwards, and the disturbance to their sleep cycle could be detrimental to their health. It is most likely, however, that this damage is being caused by the field.
5. Protracted or repeated use of the device appears to create severe effects (although mistiming the exit seems to aggravate the problem), and may cause such problems as bleeding from the ears, dizziness, and loss of consciousness. This device is dangerous, and not well understood by its creators.

So why is this machine so dangerous to use? Well, for one thing, they are passing themselves into a low-pressure argon environment and relying on an oxygen mask to breath.

That means they are leaping from normal pressure to low pressure, anyone who has ever suffered blocked sinuses while flying, or has dived, knows how easily this can cause a headache, it might cause ears, noses, and lots of other soft tissues to bleed. It could even cause some neurological trauma, but I doubt on the scale that we observe.

Passing through an intense magnetic field can have degenerative effects on biological tissue. And since time is described as changing to match the parabola of the feed, then the field is probably carrying that parabolic too, which means it isn’t a static magnetic field at all, but is probably more like spending hours sitting in a microwave oven on a low setting (although fortunately not one tuned to excite hydrogen bonds).

Then there’s the issue of crossing into and out of a Closed Time-like Curve with nothing to protect you. You enter with the flow of time (probably, I mean it makes sense that the interface between the in box CTC Lorentzian manifold and the actual universal ‘spacetime’ manifold would naturally occur here, the matrices for translation from one manifold to the other are probably simpler) and ride the loop toward the moment of field collapse, and then back in time until you are close to the switch on time, when you jump out.

They leap out from time that is running against the normal flow, back into normal time, I’ll just let you think about that for a moment. It’s like jumping from one travelator in the airport to the other, and expecting not to fall over.

I think this shock, caused by not waiting until the direction of travel in the box has realigned with the world outside, is most likely cause of the blackouts, dizziness, and even bleeding as the body will be subjected to all manner of strange stresses passing between these differing causal topologies. I can’t quite conceive how intensely dangerous stepping (or sliding for that matter) from one Lorentzian Manifold to one flowing in the opposite direction would be. Even ignoring the dangers of the inside of the box, or the effect of the shifting magnetic fields on the nervous system, this moment may not be survivable if you were to do it even a few percent away from either end of travel.

Living with Parabolic-Temporal Flow

Of course, the science of the time-machine is only half of the problem. How does the universe cope with all this sleeping back in time?

Initially, Abe is very cautious, he isolates himself completely while the machine is running, he goes to another town, and keeps himself locked in a hotel room, with no telephone or television. This insures he does not later interfere with his own knowledge, and that he cannot create a Paradox. If both ends of his time-travel are symmetrical then he has achieved a successful, and Paradox free, temporal jaunt.

He does actually interact with the world a little, he calls his stock company and finds out what stock has risen most that day, so that he can trade that stock earlier that day (later for him). This may represent a Predestination Paradox on some levels, SS Abe acts in the past from futuristic knowledge, without apparent causality, but actually causality is preserved through the box and the CTC there.

This unfortunately tells us very little about how the universe reacts to Abe travelling. He limits his activities so that he cannot interact at all — except he and Aaron see him just before he leaves. Which doesn’t actually help all that much, as he is too far away to be easily seen and the younger Abe doesn’t spot the older looped Abe or Aaron watching him.

This could be a fixed timeline, with the events that the time-travellers cause always integrated into history, or it could be a multiverse, with the arriving time-traveller creating a newly spawned universe that matches the universe just before the time-traveller arrives, it could also be a mutable single timeline, where the time-traveller can alter history, including altering their own memories (or one of our more unusual solutions such as Zero-Worlds) but then Aaron comes along.

Aaron has less stringent protocols than Abe, which is understandable, as he has already ‘grandfather-paradoxed’ himself — don’t forget the Aaron narrating that section has already lived through it once, his original self is drugged in the attic (the rats) and knows nothing about time-travel, yet. He is thus a lot less bothered about interference in his own memories, which is why he keeps his phone with him and on, perhaps deliberately to demonstrate to Abe that they can alter the past, with no regard to potential paradox.

So how does the universe reconcile the grandfather-paradox that Aaron has created?

First you may be asking how is this a grandfather-paradox? Aaron hasn’t travelled back in time to kill his grandfather, after all. He just drugged his earlier self and replaced him, there’s no paradox for the universe to reconcile. The thing is, the drugged Aaron is meant to find out about time-travel and be the one talking to Abe, but now he doesn’t, he can’t go on to be the Aaron that is narrating, he may never time-travel if Abe is able to successfully sabotage the boxes that his duplicate is going to make.

Any time the time-traveller is stopped from travelling by their own actions we end up with a grandfather paradox: who now travels back and “kills the grandfather”, or in this case, stops Aaron from travelling?

The key to this is the cell phone incident. When Aaron answers his phone in the hotel and lies to his wife about not why he’s not in the office, and later does not answer the ring in town, symmetry is broken. As they explain, the cell tower system finds the first phone on the system it stops looking and sends a signal to ring that phone. So if Aaron’s phone rings downtown, it won’t ring at the hotel. So, established events can be changed in the next iteration. The phone call that happened, and that both Abe and Aaron still remember, is undone.

There is a slight chance that Aaron’s wife could have phoned twice; connecting first downtown and getting no answer, she dialed again, and this time connected at the hotel, but Aaron finds out later, and reports that only the last changes are remembered, this means his wife must have asked him why he didn’t answer his phone that evening, but didn’t ask about his lunch downtown (his now deleted cover story).

History is mutable: Aaron can alter his own personal history, as well as his wife’s history (having her call answered or not) and Abe’s memories as well, and causality is broken. This throws out the static timeline, and the single mutable timeline, as a change occurs that is not integrated into Aaron’s or Abe’s memories, and we are left looking at either a multi-dimensional or a weird solution, with multi-dimensions being the most likely.

There is a potential issue to the multiverse solution, in that there is little sign of the chaotic drift that we would expect. As the travellers make changes to the timeline we would expect them to notice drift in history, such as their investments not performing exactly as they did before they time-travelled. The movie does make mention of them trading such small amounts that they won’t be noticed, but markets are very volatile things, and even these small trades may begin to impact on delicate computer trading algorithms, as well as their other actions which could be impactful.

There is a possibility that there just isn’t time for the chaotic drift to occur (they are generally only jumping back around 6 hours) but Aaron certainly should have noticed differences between his recorded conversations and the final trading prices, over the repeated week, but these are not shown, or mentioned. We can argue that the universes are so similar to each other that you would not expect much drift to occur, and that the drift could still be fairly local (events in the company and amongst the party-goers are going to be the most altered, the changes rippling out from our time-travellers), but so far they have not managed to interfere in their stock trades themselves.

With Greater Numbers of Universes Come Greater Numbers of Time-Travellers

All these time-travellers keep overlapping and interfering with each other. Aaron comes back and attempts to attack himself twice, creating three copies of himself who are not causally connected any longer. The first (or original native in a multiverse) of this universe is displaced by the second (who may be from some hypothetical original universe, or not, I suspect not) when he is drugged, and then later by a third Aaron who passed through the second universe once (repeating days as he went and spawning sub-universes, along with Abe).

This is only really possible in a multiverse model, as each universe spawns later in the timeline than the last divergence, including all the travellers already present in it. In almost any mutable timeline scenario, this sort of direct interference would cause huge problems, and the grandfather-Paradoxes would be unreconciled, but since this is now obviously a multiverse, there is no possibility of a grandfather Paradox occurring. No one is ever actually travelling into their own past, but a parallel timeline that has been duplicated by the time-travel.

The third Aaron arrives back in Abe’s fail-safe and sets up a third (and maybe even a fourth), after the second already arrived in the ‘original’ (to this time line) fail-safe. This may just be a product of the way the boxes can be stacked by bringing through a duplicate. The narrator says that Aaron discovered he could reuse boxes, and looped back by stopping the previous version of himself from using the box, so that he could use the same box, and be the only Aaron that arrives, but we don’t actually see this happen, at least not with any clarity. This may just be this Aaron’s understanding of the later Aaron’s actions. He may not know. This is consistent with multiverse theory too, as replacing yourself in any box still limits that box to creating a new universe for the events to play out in.

Robert’s Birthday

Later the story spirals as Abe and Aaron conflict and finally reconcile, well at least long enough to back-engineer a perfect moment at the party.

We hear about the party and what Aaron did there, fairly early through. He confronted Rachel’s ex-boyfriend when he was waving a shotgun around.

Aaron claims he was just high off the time-travel revelation and wasn’t thinking straight, but I’m not sure. He also claims that Aaron never attended the party first time through, but doesn’t mention Abe and Rachel, and whether they were there.

We can speculate about the first universe, whether Rachel and/or Abe attended, whether they were shot, or some other terrible happening, perhaps Abe finally told Rachel that he didn’t want to see her anymore, and that he’d only been into her for her dad’s money. We can speculate, but cannot know.

We don’t even know if Aaron was the one who originally invited the ex, but probably he did, through Will. He said he did not realise Rachel would attend, as Abe and he wouldn’t. He may have just meant to offer Will something to do that evening, and does know where to find him to invite him, so I suspect that is consistent.

There are good reasons Rachel would attend the party (Robert’s Birthday) as she is friends with Robert through Abe, and perhaps through her ex, and expected Abe to be there (but not the ex). She cannot realise that the time-machine has driven a wedge between them all, or that Aaron would have any reason to have invited her ex and Will.

We can speculate that in a universe where the box didn’t exist and they were all still friendly, they probably would have all been at the party (except Will and the Ex). Which makes me wonder how far from an original timeline are we already?

So did Rachel die at the original party? It is a possibility, it would certainly explain why Aaron needs to re-engineer the situation each time, his guilt being the motivating factor there. But we hear that when Aaron intervened the first time that later in the week, in some time-lines there is another incident between Rachel and her ex. It seems this one escalated, and Aaron is compelled to come back and fix the original party completely, so that the ex is immediately jailed and cannot harm Rachel.

We can speculate a little on Aaron’s motivations here, he felt something was so wrong with the timeline that he was willing to abduct himself into his own attic, and betray Abe’s trust to do it. Not that Abe’s trust meant much after he found the secret fail-safe box existed, but perhaps, it did, what if Abe himself had been at the party originally and had died? Aaron would then found out about the fail-safe and headed back in time, this changed events so that Abe no longer attended the party, and Aaron had to step in to save Rachel (had Abe originally been the hero?). We’ll never really know, though, but whatever originally went wrong, we do know that in one version of the timeline, at some point Thomas Granger, the investor and Rachel’s father comes back through one of their boxes and follows them, spying on them.

The Thomas Granger Affair

It could be that he is a Thomas Granger from a universe where both Abe and Rachel died, or just Rachel, but it seems he travelled with some strong reasons, but something went very wrong. He lapses into a coma and spends the rest of the movie on Abe’s bed. We don’t know if he is present in all the time-lines, or only in the one that Aaron and Abe encountered him in. We don’t know if he will appear again when this new time-line reaches that point (in a multiverse theorem he should only be present in the histories that give him a reason to travel).

So Thomas Granger returns for some reason, having found out about the machine from either Abe, after Rachel died, or Aaron, after Abe and Rachel died, or because he investigated his daughter’s boyfriend and found that he spent the last few days either shacked up in a out of town hotel with one of his friends, or at work where he also played the stock market and made big bucks. In short, we cannot know why Thomas Granger came back in time, and we don’t actually know how he did it.

Aaron and Abe don’t use the machines that night, after they encounter Thomas Granger, in part because neither of them wants to turn off a machine that may already have someone inside it. The Paradox this could create may cause a severe issue with using the box. But Thomas Granger may not have been in either of those machines, they say he has a two or three day beard, implying that he has travelled back a day (ish) from the future and hasn’t shaved since, but it could as easily imply that he came back in the Fail-safe box, shaved then, and hasn’t since. Aaron assumed it must be in the two boxes, solely to avoid mentioning to Abe that he knows about the Fail-safe’s existence.

Abe and Aaron try in vain to work out what could have caused Thomas to come back. Abe left the devices running from five o’clock that evening, and he and Abe were intending to go punch Platts and then stop the kids from waking him, so they wouldn’t go, and undo the event. But would that undo the events? I think it would leave duplicate Abes and Aarons hanging around again. In fact, the most likely result is that Abe and Aaron would get arrested for punching Platts. They then wouldn’t be able to successfully travel back that evening. Eventually, they may have persuaded Thomas Granger to go back and interfere with that event (it is possible that he was passed limited written instructions) which led him to climb into the box and travel back.

It seems plausible that Thomas Granger exited the box early, causing the damage that they describe as him looking drunk, but getting close to Abe causes him to lose consciousness. Aaron says they came to the conclusion that the problem was recursive, implying that this is result of Granger travelling back in the box that Abe planned to use. Only one of them could be in the box, Abe or Granger, if Abe originally did use the box, but something went very wrong, then he couldn’t enter the box and Granger did instead that might explain why Granger cannot be near Abe. There is a potential for a recursion to occur where Abe uses the box, then Granger does, then Abe again, then Granger.

This recursive problem is then resolved by Abe not using the box for different reasons that don’t result in Granger becoming aware of the time-machine. Leaving us with the last iteration as the ‘final’ result. Or rather it leaves us in the last universe that the travellers found themselves in.

Fundamentally though we cannot know why Thomas Granger travelled back, and we don’t know how he did it. It is even possible that he was travelling from some previous iterations future, perhaps even following Abe from his original universe, where he had vanished without trace, using his Fail-safe, or that he has been recycling boxes and travelling around and around trying to change something. It is more likely though that he exited the box too early, perhaps he was travelling in the Fail-safe, but wanted to get to the party, and tried to time his exit to that. Or perhaps he just exited a few tens of minutes early, so as to avoid the Abe that he thought was also in the box and that was enough to leave him neurologically damaged, we just cannot know.

Building a Bigger Box

The ending of the movie is considered ambiguous by some viewers, Abe is staying to try and interfere with the original Abe and Aaron creating and using the first boxes, and Aaron delivers a message to himself over the phone to explain everything (everything we have just watched), then Aaron turns to a work crew who he addresses via a French translator to build his new bigger, box.

“Every half metre, everywhere,” he says.

Some argue that Aaron is not building a bigger box, but is instead building a suite of boxes so that he has multiple time-machines available at the same time, that doesn’t make sense though, as Aaron has discovered that by stopping himself later, he can reuse a time-machine. Mind you some people believe that if you take an active box back in time through another active box you should be able to place a box that has “hours of time stored in it already”, which can then be used to ride further back in time. If you actually tried this, you would ride the box backward in time, but that would include travelling back into the other box and then back into the future again. If you could even sustain the information barrier field, inside another information barrier field (I suspect that you couldn’t).

No, Aaron states earlier in the film that he doesn’t like the confinement of the box. The larger box is most likely so that he can create a large argon atmosphere chamber, inside of which he can construct a room where he can comfortably stay, read a book, watch a movie, whatever, while he winds back significant periods of time (such as a week).

This will allow him much greater flexibility with his time travelling, as he can comfortably wind back whole events and replay them to his heart’s content. He will be in perfect control of his little part of the world, prescient to everything that happens (at least on the second run through).

Conclusion

While I like Primer, the story is at best vague on a few plot points. The collapse of trust and morals in both the leads is strange and vague in ways it probably didn’t need to be. Aaron seems content to abandon his family the moment he has a reason to, where as Abe seems more attached to them than he has any right to be. Is this simply a greener grass situation, where both friends wish they had what the other did? Well, who can tell, there are scenes that hint this way, and that, but the ambiguities far outweigh any hard facts.

There is so much unsaid, and unexpressed in the movie that might have lead deeper, but in the time we get, the ambiguities are enough, they after all are enough to keep a lot of people coming back to watch this movie again, and again, to try and draw deeper readings and meanings from 77 minutes of science fiction.

TL;DR

Primer is a realistic seeming depiction of multi-dimensional time-travel that avoids a great many clichés, by bending time backwards inside a magic-box, and hiding some of the plot points from view.

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CJ Moseley

Lead Reality and Aoristic Architect at CJMoseley.co.uk

CJ Moseley is currently an Indie SF author, specialising in humorous weirdness, but has been a web-developer, artist, professional gamer, juggler, magician, theatre manager and physicist. He firmly believes in writing what he knows, which is mostly English.

@CJMoseley

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Latest posts by CJ Moseley (see all)

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cj@timetravelnexus.com